كنيسة وطنية
من أرابيكا، الموسوعة العربية الحرة
المزيد من اللغات
المزيد من الإجراءات
الكنيسة الوطنية هو مفهوم حول كنيسة مسيحية مرتبطة بجماعة عرقية محددة أو الدولة القومية. تمت مناقشة الفكرة بشكل ملحوظ خلال القرن التاسع عشر، أثناء ظهور القومية الحديثة.
مفهوم الكنيسة الوطنية لا يزال حاضرًا في عدد من الدول الأرثوذكسية والبروتستانتية مثل انجلترا والدول الإسكندنافية على وجه الخصوص.
في سياق إنجلترا تعتبر كنيسة إنجلترا الأنجليكانية الكنيسة الوطنية في البلاد وتشكّل هوية ثقافيّة رئيسية ولا تزال تحمل أهمية حضارية وثقافية للشعب الإنجليزي، وقد برزت أيضًا الكنائس الشعبية اللوثرية في الدول الإسكندنافية، والتي وصفت بأنها كنائس وطنية بالمعنى العرقي.[1] يُذكر أنّ الكنيسة الأسقفية الأمريكية تعتبر الكنيسة الوطنية للولايات المتحدة.
في المسيحية الشرقية الغالبية من الكنائس الأرثوذكسية الشرقية والمشرقية هي كنائس وطنية عرقيّة لشعوب المنطقة منها كنيسة الأرمن الأرثوذكس والكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية بالإضافة إلى كنائس التقليد المسيحي السرياني، كذلك تعتبر كل من الكنيسة اليونانية الأرثوذكسية، الكنيسة الرومانية الأرثوذكسية، الكنيسة الصربية الأرثوذكسية والكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية كنائس وطنية تنحصر في منطقة إثنية ثقافية معنية وينقسم التقليد الأرثوذكسي إلى الكنائس الأرثوذكسية اليونانية والكنائس الأرثوذكسية البروسلافية.
البلدان والمناطق التي بها كنائس وطنية
الكنائس الوطنية المرتبطة في جماعات عرقية
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معرض الصور
نماذج لكنائس وطنية
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الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية، وهي الكنيسة الوطنية للشعب الروسي.
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الكنيسة اليونانية الأرثوذكسية، وهي الكنيسة الوطنية للشعب اليوناني.
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الكنيسة الأرمنية الرسولية، الكنيسة الوطنية لأرمينيا.
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كنيسة النرويج اللوثريّة، وهي الكنيسة الوطنية لمملكة النرويج.
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كنيسة إنجلترا الإنجليكانية، الكنيسة الوطنية للأمّة الإنجليزية.
المراجع
- ^ Dag Thorkildsen, 'Scandinavia: Lutheranism and national identity', in World Christianities, c. 1815-1914, vol. 8 of The Cambridge history of Christianity, eds. Sheridan Gilley, Brian Stanley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0, 342-358
- ^ Ágoston، Gábor؛ Masters، Bruce Alan (1 يناير 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. ص. 53. ISBN:9781438110257.
The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes referred to as the Gregorian Armenian Church by Western scholars, serves as the national church of the Armenian people.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Hall، Richard C. (1 يناير 2012). The Modern Balkans: A History. Reaktion Books. ص. 51. ISBN:9781780230061.
While this did not restore the Ohrid patriarchate, it did acknowledge the separation between the Orthodox church in Constantinople and the Bulgarian Orthodox church, which was now free to develop as the Bulgarian national church.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Venbrux، Eric؛ Quartier، Thomas؛ Venhorst، Claudia (سبتمبر 2013). Changing European Death Ways. LIT Verlag Münster. ص. 178. ISBN:9783643900678.
Simultaneously the church tax, ministers being public servants, and the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark as the national church indicate that the state lends its support to the church.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) والوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة) - ^ Britannicus (1834). The Church of England. ص. 17. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
Having, in my last, arrive at the great points which I wished to establish--the apostolicity, independence, and authority of the Church of England; and that she is necessarily the National Church, because Christianity is the National Religion.
- ^ Elvy، Peter (1991). Opportunities and Limitations in Religious Broadcasting. Edinburgh: CTPI. ص. 23. ISBN:9781870126151. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
Denominationally Estonia is Lutheran. During the time of national independence (1918-1940), 80% of the population belonged to the Lutheran National Church, about 17% were Orthodox Christians and the rest belonged to Free Churches.
- ^ Lorance، Cody (2008). Ethnographic Chicago. ص. 140. ISBN:9780615218625.
Her findings show that the development of the national church of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which began in the fourth century and made Christianity the state religion of Ethiopia, was also a major contributor to national development in the fields of independence, social progress, national unity and empowerment, literary development, arts, architecture, music, publication, and declaration of a national language and leadership, both spiritually and military.
- ^ Proctor، James (13 مايو 2013). Faroe Islands. Bradt Travel Guides. ص. 19. ISBN:9781841624563.
Religion is important to the Faroese and 84% of the population belongs to the established national church in the islands, the Evangelical—Lutheran Foroya Kirkja, which has 61 churches in the Faroes and three out of every four marriages are held in one.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britanncia Educational Publishing. 1 June 2013. ص. 77. ISBN:9781615309955. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 29 July 2014.
One of Finland's national churches is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Evankelis—luterilainen—kirkko), or simply the Church of Finland.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في:|سنة=لا يطابق|تاريخ=(مساعدة) - ^ Kaplan، Robert B.؛ Baldauf، Richard B. (2005). Language Planning and Policy in Europe. Multilingual Matters. ص. 147. ISBN:9781853598111. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
Currently, a clear majority of the population belongs to the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church, and 1% of the population are members of the other national church, the Finnish Orthodox Church (see Table 7).
- ^ Melton، J. Gordon؛ Baumann، Martin (21 سبتمبر 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. ص. 1195. ISBN:9781598842043. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) is the Eastern Orthodox Christian body that serves as the national church of the Caucasian country of Georgia. The great majority of Georgians are members of the church.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link) - ^ أ ب Gelder، Craig Van (2008). The Missional Church and Denominations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ص. 71. ISBN:9780802863584. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
Germany's two churches (the National Church for the Protestants and the Roman Catholic Church) were "proper"with respect to their polities.
- ^ Miller، James Edward (2009). The United States and the Making of Modern Greece: History and Power, 1950-1974. Univ of North Carolina Press. ص. 12. ISBN:9780807832479. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The creation of a national church of Greece, which the patriarch reluctantly recognized in 1850, set a pattern for other emerging Balkan states to form national churches independent of Constantinople.
- ^ Wilcox، Jonathan؛ Latif، Zawiah Abdul (1 سبتمبر 2006). Iceland. Marshall Cavendish. ص. 85. ISBN:9780761420743. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The National Church of Iceland, formally called the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, is the state religion, and the president of Iceland is its supreme authority.
- ^ "The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order." Constitution Religion. على موقع واي باك مشين (نسخة محفوظة 26 March 2009) (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
- ^ Rae، Heather (15 أغسطس 2002). State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge University Press. ص. 278. ISBN:9780521797085. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The creation of a national Church was also central to building national identity, with the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) established in 1967, much to the outrage of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link) - ^ Cristofori، Rinaldo؛ Ferrari، Silvio (28 فبراير 2013). Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations between States and Religious Communities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ص. 194. ISBN:9781409497332.
The State shall support all religious communities including the Church of Norway on an equal footing, but the Church of Norway shall 'remain the people's Church and is as such supported by the State', thereby upholding its function as a national Church.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Prizel، Ilya (13 أغسطس 1998). National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. ص. 155. ISBN:9780521576970. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
Although nominally a national church, the Russian Orthodox Church developed from a defensive, nativist institution to the ideological foundation of an imperial idea.
- ^ Morton، Andrew R. (1994). God's Will in a Time of Crisis: A Colloquium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Baillie Commission. Edinburgh: CTPI. ص. 14. ISBN:9781870126274. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
In October 1929, the Established Church and the United Free Church were united to form the national Church of Scotland.
- ^ Tomasevich، Jozo (1 يناير 1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. ص. 176. ISBN:9780804708579.
He also had the support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which as a national church long identified with the national destiny and aspirations of the Serbian people was naturally inclined to identify itself with the movement that had the backing of the king and the Servian-dominated government-in-exile.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Gilley، Sheridan؛ Stanley، Brian (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Cambridge University Press. ص. 354. ISBN:9780521814560.
The Church of Sweden could be characterised as 'national church' or 'folk church', but not as 'state church', because the independence of the church was expressed by the establishment of a Church Assembly in 1863.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ West، Barbara A. (1 يناير 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ص. 845. ISBN:9781438119137.
A second important cultural feature of the Tuvaluan nation is the centrality of the national church, the Ekalesia o Tuvalu, or Church of Tuvalu, in which up to 97 percent of the population claims membership.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Velychenko، Stephen (1 يناير 1992). National History as Cultural Process: A Survey of the Interpretations of Ukraine's Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Historical Writing from the Earliest Times to 1914. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. ص. 199. ISBN:9780920862759.
For this reason the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was the true democratic national church of the Ukrainian nation.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط|تاريخ الوصولبحاجة لـ|مسار=(مساعدة) - ^ Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. William Blackwood & Sons. 1895. ص. 142. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-05-19.
The Church in Wales [is] ... the National Church in every sense of the word, not only theoretically but practically.
- ^ Augusti، Johann Christian Wilhelm؛ Rheinwald، Georg Friedrich Heinrich؛ Siegel، Carl Christian Friedrich. The Antiquities of the Christian Church. ص. 466.
- ^ Makari، Peter E. (2007). Conflict & Cooperation: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse University Press. ص. 42. ISBN:9780815631446. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The Coptic Orthodox Church is the historic, and national, church of Egypt and is deeply tied to a monastic tradition of spiritual growth and preparation for ministry of monks and nuns, a tradition that continues to thrive.
- ^ B. Shelledy، Robert (2003). Legions Not Always Visible on Parade: The Vatican's Influence in World Politics. University of Wisconsin--Madison.
The Chaldean Church is located primarily in Iraq and functions in many ways like a national Orthodox Church.
- ^ Ajami، Fouad (30 مايو 2012). The Syrian Rebellion. Hoover Press. ص. 70. ISBN:9780817915063. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-29.
The Maronite Church is a national church. Its creed is attachment to Lebanon and its independence. The founding ethos of the Maronites is their migration from the Syrian plains to the freedom and "purity" of their home in Mount Lebanon.
- ^ أ ب Der Kaloustian, V. M. (2010). Genetic disorders in Lebanon. In Genetic disorders among Arab populations (pp. 377-441). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- ^ Turkish Orthodox Christians & The Establishment of the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, Türk-İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2009. vol.8, p.7
- ^ أ ب Marty، Martin E. (1997). Religion, Ethnicity, and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil. University Press of New England. ISBN:0-87451-815-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-14.
[...] the three ethnoreligious groups that have played the roles of the protagonists in the bloody tragedy that has unfolded in the former Yugoslavia: the Christian Orthodox Serbs, the Roman Catholic Croats, and the Muslim Slavs of Bosnia.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Hammond and Warner, p.59: "1. Religion is the major foundation of ethnicity, examples include the Amish, Hutterites, Jews, and Mormons. Ethnicity in this pattern, so to speak, equals religion, and if the religious identity is denied, so is the ethnic identity. [Footnote: In actuality, of course, there can be exceptions, as the labels "jack Mormon," "banned Amish," or "cultural Jew" suggest.] Let us call this pattern "ethnic fusion."
2. Religion may be one of several foundations of ethnicity, the others commonly being language and territorial origin; examples are the Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed. Ethnicity in this pattern extends beyond religion in the sense that ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification, but the reverse is rare. Let us call this pattern "ethnic religion."
3. An ethnic group may be linked to a religious tradition, but other ethnic groups will be linked to it, too. Examples include Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics; Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Lutherans. Religion in this pattern extends beyond ethnicity, reversing the previous pattern, and religious identification can be claimed without claiming the ethnic identification. Let us call this pattern "religious ethnicity""
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