هذه هي قائمة من الحروب والكوارث البشرية حسب عدد القتلى.
حيث تغطي أقل تقدير للموتي وكذلك أعلى تقدير واسم الحدث وموقع وبداية ونهاية كل حال. بعض الأحداث قد تنتمي إلى أكثر من فئة واحدة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، بعض الأحداث تتداخل مع بعضها البعض.
الحروب والصراعات المسلحة والتي أعلى تقدير للخسائر فيها 1,000,000 أو أكثر
هذه الأرقام تمثل الوفايات الأكثر من مليون والتي تشمل الوفيات من المدنيين من الأمراض و المجاعة، وما إلى ذلك، فضلا عن مقتل الجنود في المعركة و المجازروالإبادة الجماعية.
الحدث الذي ينطوي على قصد القتل الجماعي للأفراد على أساس العرق، أو الدين، أو العرق، أو الوفاة الناجمة عن عمليات الإخلاء القسري للأفراد على أساس العرق أو الدين أو العرق.
هي مجازر ووفيات غير طبيعية التي ارتكبها أو تسبب فيها القوات العسكرية أو الطائفية أو الإرهابية أو القوات المتمردة، أو الكيان السياسي الذي قد يستهدف الطائفة العرقية، أو الدينية، أو مجموعة سياسية ولكن عادة ما تكون جزءا من الاستراتيجية العسكرية أو هو مجرد فعل تعسفي من السادية.
^الإمبراطورية الإسبانية، التاريخ السكاني للشعوب الأصلية في الأمريكيتين، Native American disease and epidemics. Historian Henige says that "the fifteen fold increase from the original population estimates were based on instrument rather than evidence. Newly introduced European diseases became the chief means used to explain a much greater population decline."[14] Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II."[15] "Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."[16] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans. While that research is interesting and important to Native American history, a group of researchers are now exploring wide variations in health of Native Americans before 1492.[17] They say their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."[16]
^The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[255]
^The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[255]
المراجع
^ أبPinto، Carla M. A.؛ Lopes، A. Mendes؛ Machado، J. A. Tenreiro (2014)، Ferreira، Nuno Miguel Fonseca؛ Machado، José António Tenreiro (المحررون)، "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards"، Mathematical Methods in Engineering، Springer Netherlands، ص. 173–180، DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16، ISBN:978-94-007-7182-6
^Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468
^By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway By William J. Gingles page 259
^Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN:1442212756.
^Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography – Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN:012765660X.
^The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by Whiteنسخة محفوظة 20 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015; Page 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years.
^"Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population"; David P. Henige; University of Oklahoma Press; 1998; p. 24
^Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; p. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
^John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by Whiteنسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278.
^Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
^Derk Bodde[//en], China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, p 5-6.
^Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, p 59.
^Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
^Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164.
^Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York: Beechhurst Press. Review by Friedman, Philip (1954). "Review of The Final Solution". Jewish Social Studies 16 (2): 186–9. JSTOR 4465231. See also a review by Hyamson, Albert M. (1953). "Review of The Final Solution". International Affairs 29 (4): 494–5. JSTOR 2606046
^"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).
^"The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.
^"Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust – Eric Margolis". www.ukemonde.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
^Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002. Available online in Russian at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006) and in Ukrainian at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 May 2006)
^Stalislav Kulchytsky, "Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century" at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006), Zerkalo Nedeli, 2–8 October 2004 (in Russian), and (in Ukrainian) at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 March 2007)
^Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies 57 (6): 823–41. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392.
^Snyder 2010, p. 53. "One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933".
^David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
^Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
^Purcell, Victor. CHINA. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167
^Chesneaux, Jean. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 1840–1949. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40
^Rummel، R.J. "Statistics Of Russian Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-31. Who calculated from McCarthy، Justin (1983). MUSLIMS AND MINORITIES: THE POPULATION OF OTTOMAN ANATOLIA AND THE END OF THE EMPIRE. New York University Press. ص. 138.
^Czaplicka، M.A. (1918). THE TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA IN HISTORY AND AT THE PRESENT TIME: AN ETHNOLOGICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE PAN-TURANIAN PROBLEM, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL RELATING TO THE EARLY TURKS AND THE PRESENT TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press. ص. 16–17. link: https://archive.org/stream/turksofcentralas00czapuoft#page/16/mode/2up
^Thompson, Russel & Anderson (Editor). "Demography of the Trail of Tears". Trail of Tears. ص. 75–93. {{استشهاد بخبر}}: |مؤلف= باسم عام (مساعدة)
^Carter (III), Samuel (1976). Cherokee sunset: A Nation Betrayed: A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and exile. New York: Doubleday. ص. 232.
^ أبOsborn, William M. (2001). The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee. Garden City, NY: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50374-0.
^Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See CEH 1999، صفحة 17.
^The British Medical Journal in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict
Kuper cites a study by Chaudhuri which counted 1,247,000 dead, and mentions the possibility that it may be as many as 3,000,000. نسخة محفوظة 2019-11-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^897,000 شركس were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45% died.
("Caucasus Report: July 15, 2005". Radio Free Europe. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-08-21.)
if this is applied to the median of the following rough estimates and then rounded up (Since this a very rough estimate anyway) you will end up with a very rough estimate of 390,000 killed.
following estimates:
low estimate
In 1893 the هزارة of أفغانستان were massacred and displaced to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living هزارة at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056. 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazaras in أفغانستان approximately 0.04% of the world's population. دلجو، عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN:9936801504. "Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014)". كتاب حقائق العالم. وكالة المخابرات المركزية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-09-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-07-17. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet/data-sheet.aspxنسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين. تعداد سكان العالم The population of the world in 1892–93 is unknown but there are estimates for years that are close to these: In 1875 the world population was estimated to be 1,325,000,000. If the Hazara proportion is applied to this population there were roughly 530,000 Hazaras at the time. Since the Hazaras have already lost 60% of their population is likely 250% of this or 1,325,000. 60% of 1,325,000 is 795,000.
high estimate
In 1893 the هزارة of أفغانستان were massacred to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living هزارة at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056. 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazara's in أفغانستان approximately 0.04% of the world's population. دلجو، عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN:9936801504. "Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014)". كتاب حقائق العالم. وكالة المخابرات المركزية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-09-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-07-17. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet/data-sheet.aspxنسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين. تعداد سكان العالم The population of the world in 1892–93 is unknown but there are estimates for years that are close to these: In 1900 the world population was estimated to be 1,656,000,000. If the Hazara proportion is applied to this population there were roughly 662,400 هزارة at the time. Since the Hazaras had already lost 60% of their population at the time the death and displacement toll would be 150% of this making it 993,600.
^"Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-01.
^Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Intitute of National Remembrance, ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Excerpt reproduced in digital form).
^Hannum, Hurst (1989). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence". Human Rights Quarterly (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 11 (1): 82–138. doi:10.2307/761936. JSTOR 761936.
^CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".
^"Of all these doings in Cromwell's Irish Chapter, each of us may say what he will. Yet to everyone it will at least be intelligible how his name came to be hated in the tenacious heart of Ireland". John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell. Page 298. 1900 and 2001. ISBN 978-1-4212-6707-4.; "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." [1]نسخة محفوظة 28 سبتمبر 2007 على موقع واي باك مشين. British National Archives web site. Accessed March 2007; [2]نسخة محفوظة 11 ديسمبر 2004 على موقع واي باك مشين.From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Accessed March 2007. Site currently offline. WayBack Machine holds archive here
^Philip McKeiver in his, 2007, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4 and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy ISBN 0-86322-250-1
^Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pages 447–448
^Terles In Ethnic Cleansing p61 Czesław Partacz Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467 Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990
Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000, ISBN 83-87689-34-3, S. 1056.
^Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92 [3]نسخة محفوظة 02 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.
^Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999
^The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p 27
^Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting, THe Times, 4 October 1993
^In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander, International Herald Tribune, 22 October 1993
^The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Michael O'Flaherty
^The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Michael Bourdeaux, p. 237
^Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388
^On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union Georgiy I. Mirsky, p. 72
^"Georgia – History". Nationsencyclopedia.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-04-16.
^Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties by Roger Kaplan, p 564
^Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p 174
^The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, by Michael Bourdeaux, p. 238
^Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
^Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell
^Tamaz Nadareishvili, Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002
^Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p 230
^Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Gary K. Bertsch, Page 161
^Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
^
Das، Suranjan (مايو 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. ج. 34 ع. 2: 281–306. DOI:10.1017/S0026749X0000336X. JSTOR:313064.
^Ghosh Dastidar، Sachi (2008). Empire's Last Casualty: Indian Subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities. Kolkata: Firma KLM. ص. 170. ISBN:81-7102-151-4.
^"1,000 KILLED IN RIOTS". The Hindu. Madras. 23 يناير 1964. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-01-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-08-17.
^Bhattacharyya، S.K. (1987). Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh. Houston: A. Ghosh (Publisher). ص. 96. ISBN:0-9611614-3-4.
^Bhattacharyya، S.K. (1987). Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh. Houston: A. Ghosh (Publisher). ص. 100. ISBN:0-9611614-3-4.
^Hopkins, Steve (14 October 2014). "Full horror of the Yazidis who didn't escape Mount Sinjar: UN confirms 5,000 men were executed and 7,000 women are now kept as sex slaves". London: The Daily Mail.
^Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Dermographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117–44, online at pp. 119–20.نسخة محفوظة 18 يناير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^"Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. BBC News. 25 أبريل 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-09-29. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000.
^Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^Bailey، Norman A. (1967). "La Violencia in Colombia". Journal of Inter-American Studies. Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. ج. 9 ع. 4: 561–75. DOI:10.2307/164860. JSTOR:164860.
^"A first taste of empire"، Milwaukee Journal Sentinel، ص. 03J، February 8, 2004، مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 نوفمبر 2019، اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020{{استشهاد}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
^Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)
^Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death.
^Gough، Hugh (ديسمبر 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal. ج. 30 ع. 4. JSTOR:2639130.
^Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, 1997.
^Fluehr-Lobban، Carolyn؛ Lobban، Richard (Spring 2001). "THE SUDAN SINCE 1989: NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT RULE". Arab Studies Quarterly. ج. 23 ع. 2: 1–9. JSTOR:41858370.
^Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997)
^Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991
^Chirot, Daniel: Modern Tyrants : the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)
^"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) p. 195
^"Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991.
^The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. نسخة محفوظة 14 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^The resource above is based on Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2–3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects."
^Daniel Goodkind؛ Loraine West؛ Peter Johnson (28 مارس 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-09-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-08.