English: (A,B) Representative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of mild (A) and severe (B) chronic VE showing severity-dependent enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles. Shown are transaxial FLAIR, coronar T1w and sagittal T2w images demonstrating ventricular enlargement including the 3rd ventricle, periventricular hyperintense signal, thinning of the corpus callosum, but normal cortical and infratentorial structures. The extent of these changes correlated to disease severity. (C) Semi-quantitative measurement of ventricular volume in VE patients compared to Yakutian and age- and sex-matched Caucasian controls (see Supporting Information online for technical details). As an estimate of ventricular volumes, the sums of normalized ventricular areas from all slices showing ventricles obtained with a standardized acquisition protocol are displayed (bars and crosses are mean values ± SD). # indicates P<0.0001 when compared to all other groups (ANOVA with post-hoc t-test including Bonferroni correction). (D) Representative pneumoencephalography of subacute VE showing ventricular enlargement (arrows indicate enlarged “bloated” lateral ventricles) and absent air filling of the subarachnoidal spaces of the hemispheric convexities (arrowheads indicate the stops of air filling), suggestive for arachnoideal adhesions.