عرض مصدر إنتل 80486

{{معلومات معالج حاسوب
| الاسم                              = Intel 486
| صورة                              = 80486dx2-large.jpg
| تعليق                             = الجزء المعرض للخطر من (يسمى die) أي معالج   80486DX2 
| manuf1           = [[إنتل]]، [[آي بي إم]]، [[أدفانسد مايكرو دفايسز]]، [[تكساس إنسترومنتس]]، [[شركة هاريس]]، [[United Microelectronics Corporation|UMC]]، [[اس تي ميكرو|SGS Thomson]]
|حجم_الصورة                         = 300px
|  بدأ-يُنتج                         = 1989
| لم_يعد-ينتج                       = 2007
| الحجم-من                          = 1 µm
| الحجم-إلى                         = 0.6 µm
| transistors-from = 1.2 million
| transistors-to   = 1.6 million
| slowest          = 16  | slow-unit     = MHz
| fastest          = 150 | fast-unit     = MHz
| fsb-slowest      = 16  | fsb-slow-unit = MHz
| fsb-fastest      = 50  | fsb-fast-unit = MHz
| arch             = [[إكس 86]] including [[x87]] (except for "SX" models)
| data-width       = 32 <ref name=486ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Intel|عنوان=Embedded Intel486 Processor Hardware Reference Manual (273025-001)|تاريخ=July 1997}}</ref>
| address-width    = 32 <ref name=486ref/>
| virtual-width    = 32 Linear; 46 Logical <ref name=486ref/>
| pack1            = [[شبكة إبر مصفوفة|PGA]] ([[مقبس 1]]، [[مقبس 2|2]]، [[مقبس 3|3]]), 196-pin [[PQFP]], 208-pin [[SQFP]]
| predecessor      = [[إنتل 80386]]
| successor        = {{Ill-WD2|Pentium (P5)|id=Q12353724}}
| [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors]]
}}
'''المعالج أنتل 80486 والمعروف أيضا بـ i486 أو 80486 {{إنج|Intel 80486}}''' وهو معالج ذو أداء عالي وتبع المعالج [[إنتل 80386]]
<!--  
The [[إنتل]] '''486''' ("''four-eight-six''"), also known as the '''i486''' or '''80486''' is a higher performance follow-up to the [[إنتل 80386]] [[معالج دقيق]]. The 486 was introduced in 1989 and was the first tightly{{efn|The 386, 286, and even the 8086 all had overlapping fetch, decode, execution (calculation), and write back; however, '''tightly pipelined''' usually means that all stages perform their respective duties within the same length time slot. In contrast '''loosely pipelined''' implies that some kind of buffering is used to decouple the units and allow them to work more independently. Both the original 8086 and the x86-chips of today are "loosely pipelined" in this sense, while the 486 and the original Pentium worked in a "tightly pipelined" manner for typical instructions. This included most "[[تقنية حاسب مجموعة التعليمات المعقدة|CISC]]" type instructions as well as the simple load/store-free "[[مجموعة تعليمات بنية الحاسب]]-like" ones, although the most complex also used some dedicated [[الكود المصغر]] control.}} [[خط أنابيب تعليمات|pipelined]] [[إكس 86]] design as well as the first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors, due to a large on-chip cache and an integrated floating-point unit. It represents a fourth generation of [[binary compatible]] CPUs since the original [[إنتل 8086|8086]] of 1978.

A 50&nbsp;MHz 486 executes around 40 million [[instructions per second]] on average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.

The i486 does not have the usual 80-prefix because of a court ruling that prohibits trademarking numbers (such as 80486). Later, with the introduction of the [[بنتيوم|Pentium brand]], Intel began branding its chips with words rather than numbers.
-->

== نبذة تاريخية ==
أعلن عنه (486) في ربيع المعرض الدولي السانوي كومديكس في أبريل 1989 عندما أعلنت إنتل
<!--  
at Spring Comdex in April 1989. At the
  announcement, Intel stated that samples would be available in the third quarter of 1989 and production quantities would ship in the fourth quarter of 1989.<ref>486 32-bit CPU breaks new ground in chip density and operating performance. (Intel Corp.) (product announcement) EDN | May 11, 1989 | Pryce, Dave</ref> The first 486-based PCs were announced in late 1989, but some advised that people wait until 1990 to purchase a 486 PC because there were early reports of bugs and software incompatibilities.<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/22/business/the-executive-computer-the-race-to-market-a-486-machine.html?pagewanted=1 |عمل = The New York Times |عنوان = THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; The Race to Market a 486 Machine |الأول = Peter H. |الأخير = Lewis |تاريخ = October 22, 1989 |تاريخ الوصول = May 5, 2010 | مسار أرشيف = http://web.archive.org/web/20180518195824/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/22/business/the-executive-computer-the-race-to-market-a-486-machine.html?pagewanted=1 | تاريخ أرشيف = 18 مايو 2018 }}</ref>

-->

== تحسينات ==
[[ملف:80486DX2 arch.svg|600px|تصغير|The 486DX2 architecture]]
{| class="infobox" style="font-size:88%"
|-
|align="center" |''Intel 486 registers''
|-
|
{| style="font-size:88%"
|-
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>3</sup><sub>1</sub>
| style="width:120px; text-align:center"| ...
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub>
| style="width:50px; text-align:center"| ...
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>7</sub>
| style="width:35px; text-align:center"| ...
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub>
| style="width:auto; background:white; color:black" | ''(bit position)''
|-
|colspan="8" | '''Main registers''' ''(8/16/32 bits)''
|- style="background:silver;color:black;text-align:left"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EAX
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| AH
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| AL
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''A''' register
|- style="background:silver;color:black;text-align:left"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EBX
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| BH
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| BL
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''B''' register
|- style="background:silver;color:black;text-align:left"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| ECX
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| CH
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| CL
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''C''' register
|- style="background:silver;color:black;text-align:left"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EDX
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| DH
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| DL
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''D''' register
|-
|colspan="8" | '''Index registers''' ''(16/32 bits)''
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| ESI
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| SI
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''S'''ource '''I'''ndex
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EDI
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| DI
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''D'''estination '''I'''ndex
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EBP
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| BP
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''B'''ase '''P'''ointer
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| ESP
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| SP
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''S'''tack '''P'''ointer
|-
|colspan="8" | '''Program counter''' ''(16/32 bits)''
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| EIP
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| IP
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''I'''nstruction '''P'''ointer
|-
|colspan="8" | '''Segment selectors''' ''(16 bits)''
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| CS
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''C'''ode '''S'''egment
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| DS
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''D'''ata '''S'''egment
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| ES
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''E'''xtra'''S'''egment
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| FS
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''F''' '''S'''egment
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| GS
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''G''' '''S'''egment
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF" colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center" colspan="5"| SS
| style="background:white; color:black"| '''S'''tack '''S'''egment
|}
|-
|
{| style="font-size:88%"
|-
|colspan="20" | '''Status register'''
|-
| style="width:20px; text-align:center"| &nbsp;
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>7</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>6</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>4</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>3</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>2</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>1</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>1</sup><sub>0</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>9</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>8</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>7</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>6</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>5</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>4</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>3</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>2</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>1</sub>
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub>
| style="width:auto; background:white; color:black" | ''(bit position)''
|- style="background:silver;color:black"
| style="text-align:center;background:#FFF"| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center"| [[Virtual 8086 mode|V]]
| style="text-align:center"| R
| style="text-align:center"| 0
| style="text-align:center"| N
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[IOPL]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Overflow flag|O]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Direction flag|D]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[IF (x86 flag)|I]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Trap flag|T]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Sign flag|S]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Zero flag|Z]]
| style="text-align:center"| 0
| style="text-align:center"| [[Adjust flag|A]]
| style="text-align:center"| 0
| style="text-align:center"| [[Parity flag|P]]
| style="text-align:center"| 1
| style="text-align:center"| [[Carry flag|C]]
| style="background:white; color:black" | [[سجل الأعلام|مسجل الأعلام]]
|}
|-
|
{| style="font-size:88%"
|-
|colspan="3" | '''Floating-point registers''' ''(80 bits)''
|-
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>7</sup><sub>9</sub>
| style="width:245px; text-align:center"| ...
| style="width:10px; text-align:center"| <sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub>
| style="width:auto; background:white; color:black" | ''(bit position)''
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST0
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 0
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST1
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 1
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST2
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 2
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST3
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 3
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST4
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 4
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST5
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 5
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST6
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 6
|- style="background:silver"
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"| ST7
| style="background:white; color:black" | '''ST'''ack register 7
|}
|}

<!-- بداية جدول الصور -->

{| class="wikitable"
! || نموذج أو موديل|| السرعة القصوى [[معدل ساعة (حاسوب)|clock]] || الفولت (Voltage)|| [[ذاكرة مخبئية]] || ظهر في
!style="width:33%"| ملاحظات
|-
| [[ملف:Intel i486 dx 50mhz 2007 03 27.jpg|مركز|80px]][[ملف:Intel i486 DX 25MHz SX328.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486DX (P4) || 20, 25&nbsp;MHz<br />33&nbsp;MHz<br />50&nbsp;MHz || 5V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || April 1989<br />May 1990<br />June 1991 || The original chip (without any clock doubling) 
|-
| {{أنجر|486SL}}[[ملف:KL Intel 486SL.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486SL || 20, 25, 33&nbsp;MHz || 5V or 3.3V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || November 1992 || Low power version of the i486DX, reduced VCore, SMM ([[وضع إدارة النظام]]), stop clock, and power saving features – mainly for use in portable computers
|-
| [[ملف:Intel i486 sx 33mhz 2007 03 27.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486SX (P23) || 16, 20, 25&nbsp;MHz<br />33&nbsp;MHz || 5V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || September 1991<br />September 1992 || An i486DX with the FPU part disabled or missing. Early variants were parts with disabled (defective) FPUs.<ref>Newnes 8086 Family Pocket Book – Ian Sinclair (ISBN 0 4349 1872 5)</ref> Later versions had the FPU removed from the [[دارة متكاملة|die]] to reduce area and hence cost. 
|-
| [[ملف:Intel i486 dx2 66mhz 2007 03 27.jpg|مركز|80px]] ||i486DX2 (P24) || 40/20, 50/25&nbsp;MHz<br />66/33&nbsp;MHz || 5V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || March 1992<br />August 1992 || The internal processor clock runs at twice the [[معدل ساعة (حاسوب)]] of the external bus clock 
|-
| || i486DX-S (P4S) || 33&nbsp;MHz; 50&nbsp;MHz || 5V or 3.3V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || June 1993 || SL Enhanced 486DX 
|-
|[[ملف:KL Intel i486DX2 PQFP.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486DX2-S (P24S)|| 40/20, 50/25&nbsp;MHz (''66/33&nbsp;MHz'') || 5V or 3.3V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || June 1993 ||
|-
|[[ملف:KL Intel i486SX PQFP.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486SX-S (P23S)|| 25, 33&nbsp;MHz || 5V or 3.3V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || June 1993 || SL Enhanced 486SX 
|-
| [[ملف:KL intel i486SX2.jpg|مركز|80px]] || i486SX2 || 50/25, 66/33&nbsp;MHz || 5V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || March 1994 || i486DX2 with the FPU disabled 
|-
| [[ملف:FC80486DX4-75 AK SX883 USA 1995 01 WT.jpg|مركز|80px]]|| IntelDX4 (P24C) || 75/25, 100/33&nbsp;MHz || 3.3V || 16&nbsp;KB WT || March 1994 ||  Designed to run at triple clock rate (not quadruple as often believed; the DX3, which was meant to run at 2.5× the clock speed, was never released). DX4 models that featured write-back cache were identified by an "&EW" laser etched into their top surface, while the write-through models were identified by "&E". 
|-
| [[ملف:Intel i486 dx4 100mhz 2007 03 27.jpg|مركز|80px]] || IntelDX4WB || 100/33&nbsp;MHz || 3.3V || 16&nbsp;KB WB || October 1994 ||
|-
| || i486DX2WB (P24D)|| 50/25, 66/33&nbsp;MHz || 5V || 8&nbsp;KB WB || October 1994 ||
|-
| || i486DX2 (P24LM) || 90/30&nbsp;MHz; 100/33&nbsp;MHz || 2.5–2.9V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || 1994 ||
|-
|[[ملف:KL Intel i486GX.jpg|مركز|80px]]|| i486GX || up to 33&nbsp;MHz || 3.3V || 8&nbsp;KB WT || || Embedded Ultra-Low power CPU with all features of the i486SX and 16 bit external data bus. This CPU is for embedded battery-operated and hand-held applications. 
|}

== روابط خارجية ==
* [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/486/datashts Intel486 datasheets]
** [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/486/datashts/241199-002.pdf Low power SX and DX with variable freq. Dec 1992]
** [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/486/datashts/27273102.PDF EMBEDDED ULTRA-LOW POWER Intel 486 SX]
** [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/486/datashts/27277101.pdf Embedded Write-Back Enhanced Intel DX4. Oct 1995]
* [http://www.cpu-collection.de/?l0=co&l1=Intel&l2=i486%20DX Intel 486 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de]
* [http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/40thanniversary/gallery/images/80486_die.jpg Die photo of Intel 486DX]

== انظر أيضا ==
* [[إنتل 80386]]
* [[إكس 86]]
* [[قائمة أوامر إكس 86]]
== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}
{{معالجات إنتل|discontinued}}

{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{شريط بوابات|إلكترونيات|تقانة المعلومات|علم الحاسوب}}

{{تصنيف كومنز|Intel i486}}

{{بذرة برمجيات حاسوب}}

[[تصنيف:استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في 1989]]
[[تصنيف:معالجات إنتل]]
[[تصنيف:معالجات إنتل إكس 86]]