عبد العزيز: بوت: أضاف قالب:روابط شقيقة

2023-05-06T04:58:17Z

صفحة جديدة

'''''تأمل ميتا''''' '''''maitrī''''' ({{لغة-سنسكريتية|मैत्री}}) هي الحنان الناشئ عن الحب<ref>Bodhi (2005), pp. 90, 131, 134, ''passim''; Gethin (1998), pp. 26, 30, ''passim'' [spelled as two words: "loving kindness"]; Harvey (2007), pp. 247-8 [spelled without a hyphen: "lovingkindness"]; Ñā{{IAST|ṇ}}amoli & Bodhi (2001), pp. 120, 374, 474, ''passim''; Salzberg (1995), ''passim'' [without a hyphen]; Walshe (1995), p. 194.</ref><ref name=Warder>Warder (2004), pp. 63, 94.</ref> والمودة <ref name=PED>Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 540, entry for "Mettā," retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:177.pali {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707191419/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:177.pali |date=7 يوليو 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=MWD>Monier Williams, 1964, p. 834, entry for "Maitrī," retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0834-meSUraNa.jpg. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004817/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0834-meSUraNa.jpg. |date=25 يناير 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kamalashila1996">Kamalashila (1996).</ref> والنزعة إلى الخير <ref name=Warder /><ref name=MWD /> والوئام <ref name=PED /> والصداقة<ref name=MWD /> وحسن النية<ref name=MWD /> والطيبة<ref name=PED /><ref name=Gombrich>Richard Gombrich (1988, reprinted 2002), ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo''. Routledge: London. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.</ref> والوحدة الذهنية الوثيقة (نفس الموجة الذهنية)<ref name=MWD /> والاهتمام الفعال بالآخرين.<ref name=PED /> وهي واحدة من سمات الكمال (pāramī) العشر في مدارس [[تيرافادا|ثيرافادا]] من المدارس البوذية، وأولى الحالات السامية الأربع (''Brahmavihāras''). هذا هو الحب دون تشبث (''upādāna'').

وزراعة الحنان الناشئ عن الحب (''mettā bhāvanā'') هو شكل شائع من أشكال التأمل في البوذية. وفي تقاليد الثيرافادا البوذية، تبدأ هذه الممارسة بقيام المتأمل بزراعة الحنان الناشئ عن الحب تجاه أنفسهم،<ref>Regarding the cultivation of loving kindness towards oneself, this is not specifically recommended by [[غوتاما بوذا|غوتاما بودا]] in the pertinent canonical discourses but is inferred in the commentarial literature from other discourses.</ref> ثم أحباب المرء وأصدقائه ومعلميه والأشخاص الغرباء والأعداء، وفي النهاية تجاه جميع الكائنات الحساسة. وفي تقاليد بوذية منطقة التبت، ترتبط هذه الممارسة بالعطاء والأخذ (منح)، والتي بموجبها يُخرج («يرسل») السعادة ويأخذ («يتلقى») المعاناة.<ref>Trungpa (1993), p. 220, "Glossary" entry: "''maitri bhavana'': The practice of maitri, or loving-kindness. Tonglen practice is also referred to as maitri practice, or maitri bhavana...."</ref> كما يمارس البوذيون في منطقة التبت التأمل الخاص بـ Brahmavihāras، والذي يُسمى أيضًا الفضائل الأربع غير القابلة للقياس، التي تُسمى في بعض الأحيان «التأمل العاطفي»<ref>Matthieu Ricard's 2cd set "Happiness"</ref>

إن «التأمل العاطفي» هو مجال علمي معاصر يبين فاعلية ميتا والممارسات التأملية ذات الصلة.

== الأساليب الأساسية ==
عادة ما تتم التوصية بممارسة تأمل ميتا لأتباع [[غوتاما بوذا|بوذا]] في [[شريعة بالي]] التي يبلغ عمرها 2500 عام. وهذه الشريعة تنصح بشكل عام بنشر تأمل ميتا في كل اتجاه من الاتجاهات الستة، إلى كل الكائنات كائنة ما كانت.<ref>See, e.g. MN 7.12, Snp 1.8/Khp 9: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html], [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.than.html]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513171004/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html |date=13 مايو 2017}}</ref> وتوجد مجموعة مختلفة من الإرشادات العملية، التي لا تزال تُستخدم على نطاق واسع اليوم، في مذهب مسار الكمال (Visuddhimagga). علاوة على ذلك، تم تعميم الاختلافات في هذه الممارسة التقليدية بواسطة المعلمين المعاصرين وتطبيقها في البيئات البحثية الحديثة.

=== إرشادات مذهب ''مسار الكمال'' ===
إن الإرشادات المعاصرة لترسيخ الحنان الناشئ عن الحب - مثل تلك الموجودة في أعمال شارون سالزبيرغ<ref>Salzberg (1995).</ref> ووكامالاشيلا الخاص بمجتمع تريراتنا البوذي<ref name="Kamalashila1996" /> وماتيو ريكارد<ref>Ricard, a Tibetan Buddhist monk who has spent thousands of hours cultivating loving-kindness and compassion, has advised that a person has unconditional love and care for someone that he or she has no trouble at all doing this for, such as, perhaps, a child, and then that he or she cultivates, encourages that feeling of unconditional well-wishing and happiness. Ricard gives a talk on his practice, available on Youtube here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZwnXj0Ck1k. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525105750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZwnXj0Ck1k|date=2020-05-25}}</ref>  - عادة ما تقوم جزئيًا على طريقة توجد في النص التفسيري الخاص بـ بودهغوسا (Buddhaghosa) في القرن الخامس الخاص في بالي، ''المسار إلى الكمال'' (Pali:''Visuddhimagga'')، الفصل التاسع.<ref>Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} (trans.) (1999), pp. 288-306.</ref><ref>Centuries before the ''Visuddhimagga's'' famous instructions for the practice of loving-kindness, Upatissa's ''Vimuttimagga'' provided a similar though less detailed framework:
:Thus after the yogin has clearly understood the way of destroying hatred, has identified friends, indifferent ones and enemies with himself, and acquired facility in the practice, he (or she) should gradually arouse the thought of loving-kindness and develop it for various bhikkhus in (his) dwelling-place.... After that he (or she) should develop (loving-kindness for beings) in one direction.... Thus he spreads loving-kindness towards all beings of the four directions, above, below.... (Upatissa ''et al.'', 1995, p. 187.)
Interestingly, however, the aforementioned method is not the first one described by Upatissa. Instead, in a manner reminiscent of the ''Karaniya Metta Sutta'' (see below), Upatissa starts his description of the practice of loving-kindness with the following:
:''Q.'' What is loving-kindness? What is the practising of it?...
:''A.'' As parents, on seeing their dear and only child, so one arouses thoughts of loving-kindness and benevolence towards that child, so one arouses thoughts of loving-kindness and benevolence towards all beings. Thus is loving-kindness to be known. The undisturbed dwelling of the mind in this practice is called the practising of it.... (Upatissa ''et al.'', 1995, p. 181.)</ref>
ويُعرف هذا النهج التقليدي على نطاق واسع بتحديد المراحل المتعاقبة من التأمل التي يقوم خلالها المرء بترسيخ الحنان الناشئ عن الحب بشكل تدريجي نحو:
[[ملف:Buddha's statue near Belum Caves Andhra Pradesh India.jpg|تصغير|يمين|بوذا يرسل الحب لجميع الكائنات.]]
# النفس<ref>In the ''Visuddhimagga'', Ch. IX, vv. 8-10 (Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} (1999), pp. 289-90), Buddhaghoṣa identifies three sources in the ''Tipiṭaka'' for the practice of loving-kindness (the 'Khuddaka Nikāya's Sutta Nipata'' 145, the ''Khuddaka Nikāya's {{IAST|Paṭisambhidā-magga}}'' ii.30, and the ''Abhidhamma's Vibhaṇga'' 272). In none of these texts is cultivating loving-kindness towards oneself mentioned. However, Buddhaghoṣa states that the ''Tipiṭaka'' references to loving-kindness are for the purpose of meditative absorption (such as ''jhāna'' practices); whereas cultivating loving-kindness towards oneself is instead practiced as "an example" for cultivating loving-kindness towards another. That is, one first cultivates loving-kindness towards oneself in order to seed loving-kindness that is subsequently extended towards others. Buddhaghoṣa bases this latter approach on the following statement by the Buddha in the canonical '' Samyutta Nikāya'' i.75 (also in the ''Khuddaka Nikāya's Udāna'' 47):
:Searching all directions
:with one's awareness,
:one finds no one dearer
:than oneself.
:In the same way, others
:are fiercely dear to themselves.
:So one should not hurt others
:if one loves oneself. (Thanissaro, 1994)
</ref>
# صديق جيد<ref>Vsm. IX.11, clearly identifies that after developing lovingkindness towards one's self, one should cultivate it towards a "benefactor" (to use Sharon Salzberg's term), that is, one who "inspire[s] love and endearment, ... respect and reverence." Only after such a benefactor should one cultivate lovingkindness towards a "very dearly loved friend" (Vsm. IX.12). However, in Vsm. IX.40, the benefactor and dear friend appears to be combined when it states:
:... [One] should break down the barriers by practicing lovingkindness over and over again, accomplishing mental impartiality towards the four persons, that is to say, himself, the dear person, the neutral person and the hostile person. (Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}}, 1999, p. 299.)</ref>
# شخص «محايد»
# شخص صعب المراس<ref>In the Pāli canon, a classic example of extending loving-kindness and compassion (Pāli: ''karuṇā'') to "difficult persons" can be found in the ''Parable of the Saw sutta'' (MN 21), where the Buddha provides the following instruction:
:Monks, even if bandits were to sever you savagely limb by limb with a two-handled saw, he who gave rise to a mind of hate toward them would not be carrying out my teaching. Herein, monks, one should train thus that the mind "will remain unaffected, and we shall utter no bitter words; (one) shall abide compassionate for their welfare, with a mind of loving-kindness, never in a mood of hate. (One) shall abide pervading them with a mind imbued with loving-kindness; and starting with them, (one) shall abide pervading the all-encompassing world with a mind imbued with loving-kindness, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, and without ill will." This is how (one) should train, monks. (Bodhi, 2005, pp. 278-79.)
(Excerpts from this sutta are also available on-line at [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.021x.budd.html Buddharakkhita, 2006], and [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.021x.than.html Thanissaro, 1997a].) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810022707/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.021x.budd.html |date=10 أغسطس 2017}}</ref>
# كل الشخصيات الأربع السابقة متساوون<ref>Vsm. IX.40-43. According to the Visuddhimagga, after one is able to generate lovingkindness towards each of these persons with ''equal'' concern for each person's welfare, one is said to have "broken down the barriers" and is capable of entering deep absorptive states.</ref><ref>As Matthieu Ricard has said someone who escapes from prison but who's friends are left behind is not happy, and one who has food while his friends have none is not happy, and as for the happiness of oneself and others, "Well, they're the same."</ref>
# وبالتالي تدريجيًا كل الكون<ref>Vsm. IX.44. See, also, e.g., Kamalashila (1996), p. 25-26.</ref>

== انظر أيضًا ==
* Agape، مصطلح توراتي يوناني مقابل للمصطلح العبري ''chesed''
* Ahimsa، عقيدة عدم الضرر ولا سيما عدم العنف
* Brahmavihara
* Chesed، «الحنان الناشئ عن الحب» أو الإحسان أو الحب الوجداني؛ مفهوم ذو صلة في الأخلاقيات اليهودية المسيحية
* Kammaṭṭhāna [[حب|الحب]]
* حنان ناشئ عن الحب
* ميتا سوتا
* Theoria، ممارسة «تأمل المحبة» في المسيحية الشرقية

== ملاحظات ==
{{مراجع|2}}

== وصلات خارجية ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/brahmaviharas/index.htm Brahmavihara Dhamma] by Mahasi Sayadaw
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/wheels/wheel365.html An essay on metta] by Acharya Buddharakkhita
* [http://dharma.ncf.ca/introduction/sutras/metta-sutra.html The Metta Sutta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162832/http://www.ascensionlovespirituality.com/Love/unconditionallove.htm Unconditional Love]
* [http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/byams_pa Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki - Byams Pa / Maitri]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025942/http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/facets_of_metta.php Facets of Metta] by Sharon Salzberg
* [http://metta.nibbanam.com/ Online Metta Contemplation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190405064312/http://metta.mobi/ Metta meditation, sutta and chanting - mobile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120181437/http://ccare.stanford.edu/node/87 Mattheiu Ricard talks about his life-long practice of Compassion Meditation]

{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{روحانية}}
{{شريط بوابات|الأديان|البوذية|الروحانية}}
{{روابط شقيقة|commons=मैत्री}}

[[تصنيف:تأمل بوذي]]
[[تصنيف:تيرافادا]]
[[تصنيف:حب]]
[[تصنيف:صداقة]]
[[تصنيف:كلمات وعبارات سنسكريتية]]
[[تصنيف:مصطلحات بوذية]]
[[تصنيف:مصطلحات هندوس]]
[[تصنيف:مفاهيم فلسفية بوذية]]
[[تصنيف:مفاهيم فلسفية هندوسية]]

تأمل ميتا - تاريخ المراجعة

عبد العزيز: بوت: أضاف قالب:روابط شقيقة