عرض مصدر قالب:قائمة القوى العظمى عبر التاريخ

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![[مؤتمر فيينا|1815]]!![[اجتماع برلين|1878]]!![[ثورة الملاكمين|1900]]!![[معاهدة فرساي|1919]]!![[الحرب العالمية الثانية|1939]]!![[ميثاق الأمم المتحدة|1945]]!![[التاريخ المعاصر|2000]]!! 
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<!-- AUSTRIA -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية النمساوية|name=النمسا}}<ref name="Encarta">
{{استشهاد بموسوعة|last= |first= |authors=Peter Howard, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University.|encyclopedia=Encarta |title=Great Powers |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe|archivedate=2009-10-31|accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archiveurl=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="World history, 1815-1920">{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Fueter| first = Eduard | title=World history, 1815–1920| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company| year=1922| location=United States of America | pages = 25–28, 36–44| isbn = 1584770775| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&pg=PA25&dq=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22Great%20Powers%22%20%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953 (PDF chapter downloads)] [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf (PDF copy)].</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية}}<ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee">{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = McCarthy| first = Justin| title=A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee| publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers| year=1880| location=New York, United States of America | pages = 475–476| isbn = | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kvYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&dq=%22Great+Powers%22#PPA475,M1}}</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia">{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Dallin | first = David | title = The Rise of Russia in Asia | publisher = | date = | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22boxer+rebellion%22+%22great+powers%22&source=web&ots=PFvmBinYof&sig=Hom8pFuEToBb-31aGxGAUydZOAs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA56,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
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<!-- BRITAIN -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية البريطانية}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية البريطانية}}<ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية البريطانية}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{علم|الإمبراطورية البريطانية}}<ref name="Margaret MacMillan">
{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = MacMillan | first = Margaret | title = Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War | publisher = Random House Trade | year = 2003 | location = United States of America | pages = 36, 306, 431 | isbn = 0-375-76052-0 }}</ref>
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- c. 1938 -->|{{علم|المملكة المتحدة|}}<ref group="nb">بعد [[تشريع وستمنستر لعام 1931|النظام الأساسي وستمنستر]] دخلت حيز التنفيذ في عام 1931، والمملكة المتحدة لم تعد تمثل الإمبراطورية البريطانية في الشؤون العالمية.</ref><ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{علم|المملكة المتحدة|}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers">''The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' (1944), written by William T.R. Fox</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|المملكة المتحدة|}}<ref name="Canada Among Nations">{{استشهاد بكتاب|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=0773528369|page=85|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Canada+Among+Nations,+2004:+Setting+Priorities+Straight&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY4P_wzKXNAhXBJsAKHTXoBBQQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Canada%20Among%20Nations%2C%202004%3A%20Setting%20Priorities%20Straight&f=false|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers''")</ref><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Milena Sterio">{{استشهاد بكتاب|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=0415668182|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Right+to+Self-determination+Under+International+Law:+%22selfistans%22,+Secession+and+the+Rule+of+the+Great+Powers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi55M-kyqXNAhWpK8AKHe2sCPUQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers&f=false|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.''")</ref><ref name="Theo Farrell">{{استشهاد بكتاب|title=Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107471494|page=224|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ&dq=Transforming+Military+Power+since+the+Cold+War:+Britain,+France,+and+the+United+States,+1991%E2%80%932012&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=13 June 2016}} (During the Kosovo War (1998) "''...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).''")</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{استشهاد بكتاب|last=McCourt|first=David|title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=28 May 2014|location=United States of America|pages=|isbn=0472072218|url=http://books.google.ie/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TCJkU8TOE6mS7Abw14HIBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA}}</ref><ref name="Joshua Baron">{{استشهاد بكتاب|last1=Baron|first1=Joshua|title=Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order|date=22 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United States|isbn=1137299487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."}}</ref><ref name=IISSUK>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=William|title=Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom|journal=[[المعهد الدولي للدراسات الاستراتيجية|International Institute for Strategic Studies]], Global Politics and Strategy|date=22 September 2015|volume=57|issue=5|pages=7-28|url=http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2015-1e95/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-october-november-2015-3ec2/57-5-02-walker-b122|accessdate=31 December 2015|quote="''Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.''"}}</ref>
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<!-- CHINA -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1878 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1900 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
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| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{علم|جمهورية الصين (1912–1949)|name=الصين}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|الصين|name=الصين}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/><ref name="UW Press"/><ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/pdfs/china_views.pdf Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" ''The Washington Quarterly'']{{وصلة مكسورة|date=July 2014}}</ref>
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<!-- FRANCE -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{علم|فرنسا|1814|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم|French Third Republic|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|French Third Republic|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{علم|French Third Republic|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم|French Third Republic|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{علم|French Fourth Republic|name=فرنسا}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want">{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Louden
| first = Robert| title=The world we want| publisher=Oxford University Press US| year=2007| location=United States of America | pages = 187| isbn = 0195321375| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187}}</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|فرنسا}}<ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>
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<!-- PRUSSIA/GERMANY -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{علم|بروسيا|name=بروسيا}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم|German Empire|name=ألمانيا}}<ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|German Empire|name=ألمانيا}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم|Nazi Germany|name=ألمانيا}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|ألمانيا}}<ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>
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<!-- ITALY -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم الدولة|Kingdom of Italy|name=إيطاليا}}<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Kennedy| first = Paul| title= The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers| publisher=  [[راندوم هاوس|Random House]]| year= 1987| location= United States of America| page = 204| isbn = 0-394-54674-1}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب | last1 = Best
| first1 = Antony| last2 = Hanhimäki| first2 = Jussi| last3 = Maiolo| first3 = Joseph| last4 = Schulze| first4 = Kirsten| title= International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond| publisher= Routledge| year= 2008| location= United States of America| page = 9| isbn = 0415438969}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Wight| first = Martin| title= Power Politics| publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group| year= 2002| location= United Kingdom| page = 46| isbn = 0826461743}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب | last = Waltz| first = Kenneth| title= Theory of International Politics| publisher= [[ماكجرو هيل التعليم|McGraw-Hill Education]]| year= 1979| location= United States of America| page = 162| isbn = 0-07-554852-6}}</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم الدولة|Kingdom of Italy|name=إيطاليا}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{علم الدولة|Kingdom of Italy|name=إيطاليا}}<ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم الدولة|Kingdom of Italy|name=إيطاليا}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- c. 2000 -->
|- style="text-align:left;"

<!-- JAPAN -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1880 -->
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|Empire of Japan|name=اليابان}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{علم|Empire of Japan|name=اليابان}}<ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/><ref group="nb">"The [[رئيس وزراء كندا]] (during the [[معاهدة فرساي]]) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from {{استشهاد بكتاب | last=MacMillan | first=Margaret | title=Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War | publisher=Random House Trade | year=2003 | location=United States of America | page=306 | isbn=0-375-76052-0}}</ref>
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم|Empire of Japan|name=اليابان}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II">Harrison, M (2000) ''[http://www.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC&dq=great+powers&printsec=frontcover&source=bn#PPA1,M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison]'', Cambridge University Press.</ref>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|اليابان}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power">{{استشهاد بكتاب |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann | title=Balance of Power| publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005| year=2005| location=United States of America | pages = 59, 282 | isbn = 0791464016| url=http://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="UW Press"/><ref name="Asias overlooked Great Power">Richard N. Haass, "[http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/haass17 Asia's overlooked Great Power]", ''Project Syndicate'' April 20, 2007.</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>
|- style="text-align:left;"

<!-- RUSSIA -->
|- style="text-align:left;"
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{علم|Russian Empire|name=روسيا}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{علم|Russian Empire|1858|name=روسيا}}<ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|Russian Empire|name=روسيا}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم|الاتحاد السوفيتي|1923}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{علم|الاتحاد السوفيتي|1923}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|Russian Federation|name=روسيا}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="UW Press"> [http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/EBEKOR.html UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers]</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>
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<!-- UNITED STATES -->
|- style="text-align:left;"
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- c. 1880 -->
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{علم|الولايات المتحدة|1896}}<ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{علم|الولايات المتحدة|1912}}<ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{علم|الولايات المتحدة|1912}}<ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{علم|الولايات المتحدة|1912}}<ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{علم|الولايات المتحدة}}<ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999">{{استشهاد ويب|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|title=Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>
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{{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==الملاحظات المرفقة مع القالب==}}}{{{headerextension|}}}
<references group="nb"/>
{{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==المراجع المرفقة مع القالب==}}}{{{headerextension|}}}
{{مراجع|2}}
[[تصنيف:قوالب حكومات وسياسات]]
[[تصنيف:قوالب تولد مراجع مسماة]]
</noinclude>